Why Do We Dream Essays - 631 Words

Why do we Dream? It has been said by researchers that everyone dreams during sleep and it is thought to be a universal psychical feature of our human lives. However, many of us are unable to recall vividly what happens throughout our dreams, if anything at all. Due to this clouded unique nature that is dreaming, most of the knowledge why we dream is largely inconclusive. Nonetheless, after many years of theoretical debate on the subject, three arguments have remained prominent of which I will I will be discussing. Perhaps the most renowned theory of dreaming comes from the famous psychologist, Dr Sigmund Freud. He proposed that our dreams were likened to a ‘royal road (Plotnik 2005) to our unconscious thoughts and desires. In this†¦show more content†¦Many have creditably theorised that dreams are extensions of our waking life. It is believed that this close link between our daily lives and that of our dreams acts as a restorative function deeply analysing our current ‘thoughts, fears, concerns, problems and emotions. Researchers have also discovered that our dreaming can exhibit various other tasks including problem solving and the enlightening of creativity. Such occurrences have been proven with musician Paul McCartney having written the famous dream inspired hit ‘yesterday. He recalls ‘I just woke up one morning and I supposed Id been dreaming or something and Id got this little tune in my head (www0.bbc.co.uk/radio2/soldonsong/songlibrary/indepth/yesterday.shtml). Dreaming can also be viewed in a more biological sense known as the activation-synthesis theory, in which areas of our brain that are usually inactive while awake, are activated when asleep. The areas stimulated have been found, due to Hobsons brain scans or the 1970s, to be that of visual (visual cortex) and emotional (limbic system) areas of our brain. Such theory explains the random, hallucinatory images induced by dreamers and the disorder of events remembered due to the inaction of thought processing areas (prefrontal cortex). In all, dreaming is a phenomenon that can generally be argued as serviceable to our being and is certainly fascinating, however its clear purposes remain uncertain.Show MoreRelatedWhy Do We Dream?1356 Words   |  5 PagesWhy do we dream the things we dream? What dictates the content of the movies for one that we watch when we fall asleep? This is a question that nearly everyone has pondered at some point in their lives and humans have been studying in an attempt to answer for thousands of years. Humans spend approximately one third of their lives asleep, and the idea that such a great portion of our time is spent in a state that we do not fully understand is bothersome to many. As humans, it is a natural desire toRead MoreWhy Do We Dream?2205 Words   |  9 PagesWhy Do We Dream? By William Allan | Submitted On February 06, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author William Allan The question as it was posed; Your write up is like a journey in itselfRead MoreWhy Do We Dream?2460 Words   |  10 PagesWhy do we dream? What do our dreams mean? Dreams are a sequence of images, ideas, and feelings that involuntarily occur most commonly during the REM stage of sleep. They come in a wide variety of types, from the peculiar to the downright terrifying; the dreamer has no control over what they experience in their dreams. Though neurologists have been studying the human brain for decades, we still don’t fully know why we dream or what their significance is. Some psychologists theorize that dreams areRead MoreWhy Do We Dream?2019 Words   |  9 Pagesis known as REM (rapid eye movement) sleep; REM sleep at one stage was thought to be the primary dream period. However recent research and empirical evidence has shown that REM sleep does not have a direct relationship with dreaming, it is however purely and simply the stage of sleep which allows better recall of dreams. This is supported by Nielson (2000) who presented empirical evidence that dream recall during REM sleep in adults was as high as 60-90% after waking, whereas when individuals passedRead MoreWhy Do We Have Dreams?790 Words   |  3 PagesThe reason behind dreaming has still not been scientifically proven, but there are many theories and religious beliefs as to why people dream at night. Theorists, such as Sigmund Frued, devoted their time to peoples dreams and observing them while they dream and sleep. These scientists have discovered that people are most likely to dream during the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage of sleep than any other stage because the mind is more aware then. There are theories that say that dreaming can predictRead MoreEssay on Sleeps and Dreams: Why Do We Sleep and Dream?741 Words   |  3 Pagesabout the Sleeps and dreams topic. It will be segmented into different parts, but I will first describe the basics of the sleeping and dreaming, why it happens and how. After that I will d escribe the different types of sleep which are REM (Rapid eye movement) and NON-REM. Other topics that will be discussed are the biological clock, consciousness and alerted, how much sleep does the body need, treatments and problems such as insomnia, sleep apnea and narcolepsy. Firstly, why do we need sleep? Our body’sRead MoreDreams: Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Dreams are a series of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations occurring involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep.† This is the true definition of what dreams are according to Free Dictionary.com. Although many people are unaware of how dreams actually work there are two psychologists that have been able to pinpoint the true meaning of dreams. These two men are Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud. There are many different perceptions on how people dream, what dreams mean, and why peopleRead MoreDreaming from Various Sources1456 Words   |  6 Pagesthe usefulness of dreams. This paper will also take time to explain what a dream is, when dreams happen, and what their potential purposes may be. To start this paper, we first must understand what a dream is. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a dream is a series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep. Dreams take the things we see during our waking hours and translate them into unique, sometimes horrifying, and possibly meaningful ways. Dreams could also be representationsRead MoreDreaming Is Something We ve All Experienced While Sleeping1565 Words   |  7 Pagessleeping. Our dreams are produced by an altered state of consciousness, in which images and fantasies become mixed with reality. We all experience dreams that range from the pleasant and the not so pleasant or nightmares. Dreaming is still largely a mystery to science, as experiments are conducted to figure out why we dream and how dreams function. We do know one thing for sure, that everyone dreams unless in the rare case they are prevented by meditation or a brain injury. Dreams occur in twoRead MoreThe Purpose of Dreams1235 Words   |  5 Pages Dreams are a very ponderous things. Simply saying, dreams are a stream of images, sounds, and the actions of something; like a movie. But never have dreams been able to be explained. The Greeks and Romans claimed that dreams were signs from their gods and had prophetic magic (www.scientificamerican.com). Even though the purpose of dreams has not been discovered, a huge movement in the study of dreams occurred at the end of the nineteenth century. In 1952, scientists in Chicago discovered

Reviewing Martin Scorsese Free Essays

More than just a filmmaker, Martin Scorsese is the self-appointed guardian of American cinema history. For him, the cinema of the present is always and necessarily influenced by the past. Scorsese commands immense critical respect; whether juggling big budgets and mainstream connections with large studios, delivering star vehicles and box-office successes, or indulging in more personal projects, Scorsese has retained his reputation as â€Å"the quintessential maverick auteur† (Andrew 21). We will write a custom essay sample on Reviewing Martin Scorsese or any similar topic only for you Order Now An independently minded cinephile, his relationship to popular cinema has been an extremely productive one. While best known for the savage but complex exploration of masculinity and violence in films such as the New York-based Taxi Driver (1976), the scorching biographical boxing picture Raging Bull (1980), the epic gangster narrative Goodfellas (1990), or the controversial The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), Scorsese’s output has been extremely varied. This paper reviews three of his films: Taxi Driver, The Last Temptation of Christ, and Gangs of New York (2002). Religion is a consistent theme in Scorsese’s films: almost all of his major male characters voice a fascination with religion in some form. Mean Streets’ (1973) Charlie is obsessed with the idea of his own spiritual purpose. The archetypal selective devotee, his desire to do penance is at odds with his actions: â€Å"he acts like he’s doing it for the others, but it’s a matter of his own pride† (Scorsese 48). Taxi Driver’s Travis Bickle believes himself to be acting out God’s rage against the lowlife of New York city; Cape Fear’s (1991) Max Cady is likewise fixated; while Raging Bull’s Jake LaMotta punishes his body both in training and in the boxing ring in an attempt to atone for his sins. These earlier films seem to be leading towards Last Temptation of Christ’s explicit wrestling with Christianity. Attracting intense reactions from some religious groups, the film, based on Nikos Kazantzakis’ novel, presents a non-biblical Jesus beset by doubts and fears about his identity and mission, constantly, oppressively tempted by evil. A human being much more than the incarnate Word of God, this Jesus is strongly tempted also sexually, and only by a superhuman effort of the will is he able to achieve a final victory. Scorsese argued that it was his intention to show Christ as a real man rather than as a faultless spiritual being. Thus, Christ’s (Willem Dafoe) inner emotional struggle and the consistently female image of sin converge, if one is to accept Scorsese’s interviews, in making the film as much a working through of his own identity as the story of Christ: â€Å"Jesus has to put up with everything we go through, all the doubts and fears and anger†¦he has to deal with all this double, triple guilt on the cross. That’s the way I directed it, and that’s what I wanted, because my own religious feelings are the same.† (Corliss 36) It is clear that the major objection of the protesters to this film had to do with its long final sequence, in which Jesus comes down from the cross and walks into an earthly paradise, where he marries first Mary Magdalene and then, as a widower, Mary, the sister of Lazarus. By her and her sister Martha, he has a number of children. The problem is that people who had not seen the film, or who had seen it but not very perceptibly, had no idea that these events happen in a fantasy sequence, a daydream-like temptation to the domestic life carefully formulated by Satan to discourage the crucified Jesus from living fully his mission of salvation. Moreover, it is a temptation sequence represented by Scorsese as a fantasy, something evident in the film language of the sequence, and as a temptation-fantasy that Scorsese has Jesus overcome: he returns to the cross and dies victorious. The Last Temptation of Christ can be interpreted in two distinct ways; either it posits Christ as a human being, or it raises Scorsese’s vision of masculine identity to an omnipotent spiritual level. Notions of masculinity, a sense of community and the influence of religion on personal identity are all themes common to Scorsese films. In fact, the film suggests an attempt to universalize masculine experience by having these themes transported from the usual urban, late twentieth-century setting to biblical times. Objections to the film’s depiction of Jesus as sexual perhaps served to divert attention away from another more uncomfortable theme; that masculine identity is defined in terms of existential conflict and growing self-awareness, while women remain confined to earth, sexuality and Original Sin. Though Scorsese cannot be simply cast as a misogynist, his personal perspective and belief systems are unashamedly patriarchal, grounded in Catholicism. Women feature mainly on a symbolic level, serving as projections of male spiritual conflicts (even, it might be argued, in The Age of Innocence). Whether novel, romance, myth, epic, or film, narratives have relied on the presence of the â€Å"hero† as a sign of the human’s search of an ideal. Scorsese’s Taxi Driver portrays a character, Travis Bickle, who is alternately an inversion, a corruption, and a variation of the idea of the hero. The film constructs a â€Å"literary city†, an archetypical topos in a story of the mass and the individual, where the â€Å"mass† creates â€Å"a peculiar kind of anti-community within the dissociated culture† (Pike 100). A chain of ironies defines Bickle placed into this setting and defines a new universal truth: anonymity and isolation amid a dense population, an instantaneous repugnance with and attraction for the magnified extravagance and corruption of the city, an estrangement from others which grows with increasing closeness, and an anti-social behavior and a pathological psychology absurdly born of the quest for ideals. In Taxi Driver, Bickle sees metropolitan social order as a material hell in a period of a dying God (or already dead God). He places himself in an adversarial connection with the world in general, and he pursues the ideals of self-realization and spiritual reconciliation in ironically repulsive actions. In addition, Bickle maintains a wicked sense for the sacred, and this distorted piety or holiness is manifest in his discourse suggestive of the confession genre, in his wrath for an immoral society, and in his sympathy for the oppressed and browbeaten (archetypically rendered in the form of a prostitute). Bickle recognizes his status as God’s lonely man. He writes in his confessional mode: â€Å"Loneliness has followed me all my life. The life of loneliness pursues me wherever I go: in bars, cars, coffee shops, theaters, stores, sidewalks. There is no escape. I am God’s lonely man.† The opening montage of Scorsese’s Taxi Driver launches a series of optical themes, and the images of eyes, mirrors, and glass symbolize Bickle’s perception of this spiritually bankrupt and spiritually bereft environment. The director manages his editing and camera angles to highlight the protagonist seeing the world through mirrors or glass, particularly the rear-view mirror and the windshield of the taxi, through which all important characters enter: Sport and Iris in a brief glance in his mirror; Palantine in his rear-view mirror; and Betsy through the sheets of an all-glass office. In general, the film mirrors French Existentialist the influence, and the setting, lighting, and mise-en-scene – especially in the darkness of the film – owe a debt to film noir, contributing to the understanding of the struggle of the protagonist. Overall, Bickle represents something more than alienation and social disenfranchisement, since God’s lonely man suffers in metaphysical misery because of the materialization of a world where the True, the Good, and the Beautiful have lost their meaning. In effect, Bickle is a prophet attacking Babylon, but without any assurance of liberation; he is also Theseus in the maze of the city but with no Olympus and no Ariadne. In this state of spiritual bleakness and spiritual poverty, Bickle retains an intuitive longing for the ideal â€Å"but no longer possesses the capacity for identifying, exemplifying or realizing it† (Swensen 267). While isolation and crises of identity are key themes that permeate many of Scorsese’s films, they necessarily include explorations of community, or brotherhood against which the isolation, or level of identification for an individual can be measured. This is one of the major themes of one his most recent films, Gangs of New York. Obviously, the director’s explorations of community and brotherhood stem partly from his commentary on his personal experiences, his sense of his home community and of the people he has known. In most cases this sense of docu-realism extends only so far as setting. This film is concerned not only with political, social, and economic conflicts, but also spiritual conflict. In one of his interviews about Gangs of New York, Scorsese states: [During the Civil War] the North and South were fighting for causes. The nativists [whose slogan was â€Å"America for Americans†] and the Irish were fighting for the right to live and the right to live together, but they were dying for it, too. If people believe in something strongly enough they’re going to die for it, and that’s a major problem in the world today. In the film – as in today’s world – religion is used in a militant way. (Scorsese 1) This film is also a characteristic of violence in many of Scorsese’s films: â€Å"The 20th century was arguably the most violent in human history, but the most violent century in American history was the 19th. Poor people, political parties, and gangs would demonstrate, and there was violence constantly.† (Scorsese 2) Alongside the romance of the gangster and of male ritual that is so much in evidence in this film, Amsterdam Vallon and Bill â€Å"the Butcher† Cutting can both be understood in terms of a journey towards salvation through self-knowledge. The themes in Taxi Driver, The Last Temptations of Christ, and Gangs of New York are dominated by the search for self-awareness: â€Å"the individual is trapped in solitude morale and can escape from it†¦if he or she comes to see their condition and then extend themselves to others and then to God† (Hess 20). Scorsese’s preoccupations are evident in his work and in his many interviews. Shortly after the opening of his film The Last Temptation of Christ, Scorsese, commented, â€Å"I made it as a prayer, an act of worship. I wanted to be a priest. My whole life has been movies and religion. That’s it. Nothing else.† (Kelly 6) Works Cited Andrew, Geoff, Stranger than Paradise: Maverick Film-makers in Recent American Cinema. London: Prion, 1998. Corliss, Richard, â€Å"Body†¦and Blood†, Film Comment 24.5 (1988): 36-42. Hess, John, â€Å"La Politique des auteurs: Part I World View as Aesthetic†. Jump Cut, 1 May/June (1974): 20-22. Kelly, Mary Pat, Martin Scorsese: A   Journey. New York: Thunder’s Mouth, 1991. Scorsese, Martin, Scorsese on Scorsese, David Thompson and Ian Christie (Eds.). London: Faber and Faber, 1996. Scorsese, Martin, Gangs of New York – Martin Scorsese – Interview. (December 2002). Retrieved December 5, 2007 from http://findarticles.com/?noadc=1 Swensen, Andrew J.   â€Å"The Anguish of God’s Lonely Men: Dostoevsky’s Underground Man and Scorsese’s Travis Bickle†. Renascence: Essays on Values in Literature 53.4 (2001): 267. How to cite Reviewing Martin Scorsese, Essay examples

Research In Accounting Employees on Tax

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Research In Accounting for Employees on Tax. Answer: Introduction The report has been segregated into two different parts. The first part of the report suggested the compensation benefits and its repercussions of the employees on Strong built Construction Company. The report studies the elements of the compensation packages, key components of the agency theory and their effects on the approaches of the compensation. The report also reveals the relationship between the intrinsic and extrinsic factor of motivation on the employees. The relationship of compensation with the employees attitude towards risk has also been discussed in this report. The latter part of the report gives recommendations to enhance the job satisfaction level in terms of work motivation of the employees of Strong built Construction Company. Body The important elements of the compensation package consists basic pay, annual bonus, long-term incentives, employee benefits, perquisites and post- termination compensation. The basic pay consists of the compensation for the daily performance which are based on the general skills of the employee, experience and accomplishments. This type of pay is often considered as fixed compensation. The annual bonus compensation is used to motivate the employees when the employee achieves measurable results. Bonuses are also taken into consideration for annual bonus of the employees. The long term compensation bonuses are paid to the employees in stock. These pay package rewards the employees for meeting long term results, generally over three years. The employee benefit component of the compensation protects the employees of the unforeseen expenses typically related to sudden loss, facilitating loss of income due to health related problems. These benefits are granted to the employees for restora tion of the catastrophic expenses. The perquisites are the elements which are present to retain the employees. The post termination compensation bonus supports the financial situation of an individual for involuntary termination from the services (Wikinvest.com. 2016). The traditional agency theory sees the work as a result of a decision making process. In this theory of understanding the habits and feeling of an individual are not taken into consideration, although psychological factors directly affect the behavior. The standard theory is aimed to monitor the costs and alignment of the incentives. The agency theory aligns the factors which are directly related to motivate the employees so that they perform to their best level. The agency theory provides the source to various neoclassical economics theories which aims to provide accurate predictions on the economic phenomena without claiming on the main assumption which describes the behavioral processes. The agency theory determines the relation between the job performance and the performance of the firm and shows various aspects in which it differs in terms of compensation design. The traditional agency theory clearly justifies the exploration of the performance to the extent which goes beyond th e critical understanding of the human behavior. According to various theories on work motivation the main problem of this theory is to make the employee work according to its levels. For one instance motivation behavior is the consequence of unsatisfied needs. The behavioral agency theory is directed to fulfill the needs of motivation (Pepper and Gore 2015). The extrinsic motivation is characterized by external motivator. This form of motivation requires achievement of a particular goal. The intrinsic motivators on the other hand are driven by internal form of motivation. The goal may be strived for accomplishment of personal satisfaction. According to Ims et al. (2014), the extrinsic factors for motivation such as economic incentives may completely eliminate the need for intrinsic factors. The relationship between the two can be drawn from the psychological literature study of Deci and Ryan which states that motivation is combined with a particular task itself and motivation depend on the external rewards and sanctioning. The relationship can be further drawn from the western culture, where the policies for rationality are strong. This suggests that behavior is expected to be utility oriented. The distinction between the two can be drawn from the crowding out effect. In order to get an extensive idea on the importance of the compensation and performance on the employees, let us assume performance is related to the economic attainment of the objectives. The effect of crowding out effect not only drives out the intrinsic factors of the motivation but also eliminates the need for existential, social and ecological values that influence the managers performance and overall business conduct. (Excelatlife.com 2016). The employees attitude towards risk should a have a direct relation with the risk and desired compensation. The risk seeking employees should be rewarded with more amount of compensation for taking more initiative for the productivity of the organization. On the other hands the risk avoiding employees should be treated with lower compensation and rewards. The accomplishments of the risk seeking individuals will essentially motivate the other workers within an organization. The compensation is also directly associated to the performance of the individual employees. The employees who are risk avoiding in nature can be further motivated by making them take part in planning, controlling, organizing activities. The pay is directly related to the extent of risk taken by the employee. In case the employee has taken higher amount of risk the employees will be benefitted with greater amount of compensation and if the risk avoiding employees should essentially have lower amount of compensation . The compensation should be based on compensation committee led by U.S. which considers fairness and balance in the compensation system. (Foss, N Stea, D 2014). The financial benefit for the employees is directly related to the share prices and tax level of a company. The ideal time for receiving employee benefit is the time when the share prices are on the higher side and tax level on the lower side. Hence the factors are driven by market forces, companies need to understand the present market situation while offering financial benefit. It is also important to forecast the future level of the taxes. The future forecast will ensure that even during the economic turmoil, the company will be able to balance the compensation amount. In several performances related areas when employees are assigned with challenging tasks or contributed for high production of the company, the employee should be rewarded with excess amount of financial benefit. This way the employee will realize about the recognition for performing well in critical situations. Another instance of ideal time can be identified when companys decides to dissolve the shares which were being held for more than three years, such decision will bring in more amount of liquid finance and the companies will be able to settle the higher amount of financial benefit for the deserving employees. In a construction company like Strong Built Construction Company, if the Government decides to invest funds, the company will be able to provide additional compensation to the employees. (Graham et al. 2013). The neoclassical theory of wage determination did not take into consideration fairness while determining the wages of the employees. The present times the wages are directly determined by the marginal productivity and supply schedule related to the utility functions undertaken by the employees. Fairness plays a vital role in determining and comparison of the wages within an organization. The basis of comparison is more often drawn from the upper level of the organization rather than downward level (Kaufman 2013). According to Wright and Davis (2014), the most common instance of fairness in the compensation can be recalled from the incidences of collective bargaining. In this particular situation if the workers of a particular group or union received an increase in the wages, the same increment should be entitled in some other group. The particular concept was also known as orbits to coercive comparison. Based on the traditions of the several industries the groups may be permitted to receive the same amount of increase. Another important concept in abiding the fairness in the compensation theory considers, whether the wage theory is demand or supply oriented. For example a newly aspirant for the job may find that the compensation offered to him/her is unfair based on the academic qualifications or experience. In this situation the employer may simply decide to switch to the next candidate. In this situation both employer and the candidate are making implicit comparison in accordance with the g eneral level of pay in the market for that particular position but these comparison are not specific in relation to the fairness controversies (KATZ 2012). According to Hermanson et al. (2012), the fairness given for the employee compensation has a cascading effect on the subordinates of an organization. If the top management is given more amount of compensation then it is evident that the subordinates will be content with their pay. Similarly when the employees are underpaid in compare to the CEOs or executives of the companies, it is more likely for the employees to leave the company. Hence if the CEO has a grandiose realization of only his personal contributions and little concern on fairness then it is more expected that the CEO will try to reinforce the internal pay, to show the importance of the contributions of the employee and its importance relative to the contribution of the other employees (O'Reilly et al. 2014). In order to consider the fairness in the compensation special arrangements are done by initiatives such as change-in-control in incidence when a company decides to give benefit to an individual in case of termination of an employee due to merger or takeover activities. These activities are often referred as Golden Parachutes. The primary principle behind giving compensation benefit lies in benchmarking the pay accordingly with the marketplace or the relevant industry. The second most important component for higher compensation is fair pay according to the performance of the employees (Doerr et al. 2013). The compensation committee is responsible for determining the pay practices that are directly related to the firms best interest. The presence of compensation committees focuses more on the employees than on the shareholders. The two major role of the compensation committee is to set the compensation of the executive and second being to provide some evidence on the rationale on the regulation of the Government in redesigning of the board committees (Boyle and Roberts 2013). The primary goal of a compensation committee is to deliver fair amount of compensation to the employees and stakeholders. The compensation committee takes into consideration fairness and balance in the compensation process. It is also important to relate the executive compensation and the role of the committees. Based on the findings of an interview conducted in twenty U.S. public companies, the most prominent tension was found in the demand of the shareholders and the management. Many interviewees described the tension for the resource dependence theory and agency theory. The overall findings of the study suggested the importance of going ahead of the agency theory. The importance of the Executive compensation committee of Strong Built Construction Company lies in the performance measurement of the employees. The management needs to identify those employees who have shown extensive dedication to the contribution of the performance and pay them according to their efforts. The compens ation committees also ensure that the employees are recognized in accordance with the risk attitude of the employees and fairness is adhered by all means. (Guthrie et al. 2012). Conclusion The study shows the various dimensions of a compensation package. The agency theory segregates the theory in terms principals and agents involved in the business process. It helps to deal with two major problems. The inconsistencies which arose in the desires of the principal and the second being the attitude of the principal towards the tolerance level of risk. In realistic context this particular relation can be seen among the creditors and stockholders and shareholders with the mangers. The extrinsic and intrinsic motivation factors show how the internal catalysts are different from the external in defining the attitude towards work. The time period reflects on the ease of pay in terms of liquid flow of money available with the company. The study also puts emphasis on fairness and balance in structuring of employee compensation which is considered for best practice. Recommendation Based on the given situation of the case study, the Government policies have been considerably stringent. This has negatively affected Strong built construction company in maintaining a good profile, due to this there was fall in the employee motivation levels despite of stability in revenues. The proposal offered by Susan Bold, for rewarding the existing employees based on the intrinsic motivation will be ideal to enhance the performance of the employees. The monetary compensation is in line with the time period when the company decided to explore the various opportunities. The various intrinsic roles such as participation in the decision making process and role similar business partner will make the employees feel more satisfied with their job roles and keep them motivated for higher output in workplace. An area where the companies need to focus is related to settlement of the employee salaries with ease. In order to efficient settlement of the salaries the company needs to bring i n more amount of liquid cash flow although it is considered as the secondary factor. The primary factor behind the structuring process being ensuring the attainment of the intrinsic factors which keeps the employees focused towards work performance. The intrinsic factors will further influence the risk seeking attitude of the employees. The employees seeking for higher motivation should be rewarded with higher amount of compensation. (Agyei and Owusu 2014). Reference List for part I Boyle, G. and Roberts, H., 2013. CEO presence on the compensation committee: a puzzle. Journal of Economics and Business, 70, pp.16-26. Doerr, B., Caldwell, D.F. and Chatman, J.A., 2013. Narcissistic CEOs and Executive Compensation. Institute of Industrial Relations, UC Berkeley. Excelatlife.com. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.excelatlife.com/articles/intrinsic_motivation2.htm [Accessed 8 Jun. 2016]. Foss, N Stea, D 2014, 'Putting a realistic theory of mind into agency theory: implications for reward design and management in principal-agent relations', European Management Review, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 101-16. Graham, J.R., Raedy, J.S. and Shackelford, D.A., 2012. Research in accounting for income taxes. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 53(1), pp.412-434. Guthrie, K., Sokolowsky, J. and WAN, K.M., 2012. CEO compensation and board structure revisited. The Journal of Finance, 67(3), pp.1149-1168. Hermanson, D.R., Tompkins, J.G., Veliyath, R. and Ye, Z.S., 2012. The Compensation Committee Process*. Contemporary Accounting Research, 29(3), pp.666-709. Ims, K.J., Pedersen, L.J.T. and Zsolnai, L., 2014. How economic incentives may destroy social, ecological and existential values: The case of executive compensation. Journal of business ethics, 123(2), pp.353-360. KATZ, H.C., 2012. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND INDUSTRIAL RELATONS. Kaufman, B.E., 2013. Sidney and Beatrice Webb's Institutional Theory of Labor Markets and Wage Determination. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 52(3), pp.765-791. O'Reilly, C.A., Doerr, B., Caldwell, D.F. and Chatman, J.A., 2014. Narcissistic CEOs and executive compensation. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(2), pp.218-231. Pepper, A. and Gore, J., 2015. Behavioral agency theory new foundations for theorizing about executive compensation. Journal of management, 41(4), pp.1045-1068. Strifler, M. and Beissinger, T., 2015. Fairness Considerations in Labor Union Wage SettingA Theoretical Analysis. Scottish Journal of Political Economy. Wikinvest.com. (2016). What are the elements of compensation? for The_DirecTV_Group (DTV). [online] Available at: https://www.wikinvest.com/stock/The_DirecTV_Group_(DTV)/What_Elements_Compensation [Accessed 8 Jun. 2016]. Wright, D.A. and Davis, D.A., 2014. An Exploratory Multi-Case Study of the Perceptions and Views of Academic Faculty Union Members Relative to Online Distance Education, Collective Bargaining Related Policy. Journal of Collective Bargaining in the Academy, (9), p.26. Part II (I) 2a) According to Gold et al. (2012), the primary objective of the study is to determine the effectiveness of the theories mandated by revised ISA 700 auditors report which is related to reduce the audit expectation gap. The main participants of this study were auditors based in Germany and financial statement users after reading the details of financial statement of the firm and auditors report. The other portion the report evaluated the several opinions given by ISA 700 and basic audit version. The study focused on the perception of the participants on the auditors and management responsibilities and the reliability of the financial statements. The findings suggested that there was expectation gap with the responsibilities of the auditors. The final recommendations of the report stated that audit opinion may alone indicate sufficient relevant information to the users. 2b) Groups Information obtained Auditors Research describing about the various responsibilities of the management and the auditors. The information was based on scale 1 (strong dissent) to 7 (strong agreement). The findings suggested a mean response of 4.81 for the full report and 2.20 for the opinion based report. The latter part of the findings stated the extent to which the participants agreed to the statement. The mean response was observed as 4.52. Financial Analysts The findings suggested that the financial analysts had a high level of experience of handling financial reports and had high amount of knowledge of auditing. The final methodology suggested that the financial analysts perceived the audit profession to hold a high reputation level. Students The students were found to have a suitable amount of experience with financial reporting. The final result showed that students had a good amount of knowledge to handle the financial reports. Investors The investors determined the financial strength of the business and the number of preference shares sold in the stock market. (Pott et al. 2012) 2c) The manipulation formed highlighted the difference between the perceptions which were drawn as a result auditors report which considered the explanation given by revised ISA 700 in one part and opinion version on the other. A reduced gap in the expectation on the basis of complete findings suggested a positive effect which states the existence of the description that indicate a positive relation audit opinion in the revised auditors report. The most essential component of manipulation compared the perceptions which included the explanations forms on the basis of explanations given in ISA 700. The several results drawn from the findings suggested an existence of strong gap with ISA 700 report and opinion based report (Mock et al.2013). Part II (II) II a) The findings of both the studies suggested that the primary objective of the auditing was considered to be useful until 20th Century. However the primal importance shifted from fraud detection to verifying of the details in the financial report of the company. The study further suggested that the individuals related to auditing were more prone to avoid discrepancies which were in line with legal suits issued business holdings and public in general. It has been also observed that the fraud detection system was prevalent in most of the forms and stake holders were not satisfied with the work of the auditors. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the validity of the audit gap in Ghana both from auditors from the stakeholders viewpoint (Otalor and Okafor 2013). II b) Based on the study of Okafor, the difference between the level of expected state of performance experienced by the user of both financial report and the auditors report, the existence of audit expectation gap is evident. The study also identifies the audit expectation gap as the difference between the audits performers along with the explanations conveyed through the audit. Methodology of the data collection was based on the questionnaire method. According to Agyei and Owusu (2014), the study suggests the gap which persists in the audit expectations due to the detailing and subjectivity of the norms and concepts used in the auditing procedure. Some of the concepts take into consideration factors such as adequacy, materiality, fair value, reliability, relevance and reasonableness. The methodology suggested by Okafor is based on the quantitative aspect of the study which researches on the topic based on two hypotheses (Agyei and Gyamerah 2014). II c) According to the study conducted by Agyei and Gyamerah (2014), several responses were taken from the percipients which included 72.5% of the male candidates and more than 27% of female respondents. Among the various participants the work experience of 60% of the selected ones had a work experience of more than 5 years and 30% of the respondents were aged between 6 and 10 years, while rest of the participants were more aged. As per Okafor and Otalor (2013), the participants of the accounting department were selected from the Ambrose Alli University and University of Benin Idahosa and several other public investors from the Edo state. II d) As per Boateng and Agyei, (2013), the respondents in the survey by Albert Agyei showed that 45% of the auditors revealed positive response to the statements and 45% were disagreeing with the statement. The frauds detected in the financial statement were further agreed by 65% of the total number of the stock brokers selected for the purpose of the study. Moreover the study conducted by Okafor stated that the responsibility of the auditor was to furnish the clients with accurate audit report which was included in the financial statement. The primary findings of the study revealed that 67.12% of the participants did not know about the expectations specified in the books related to statute. It was seen that the findings of Okafor was more accurate in nature. II e) The study of Albert Agyei highlighted on the points of agreement and disagreement relating to the variables. The study also suggested that wasnt any expectation gap in the auditors and stock brokers which are in line with maintaining the financial statements. The study further stated that there was no expectation gap between the auditors and the stockbrokers which were related to exercising the judgments of the selection of the audit procedures. According to Otalor and Okafor (2013), the participants were of the opinion that it was the responsibility of the auditor to assure the client with most accurate auditing data and financial data. II f) The study by Albert Agyei indicated about the flaws of the over expectations of the users of the audited analysis of the financial reports (Agyei et al. 2013). The findings of Okafor further suggested that the public were in need of more knowledge and awareness towards their responsibilities and duties. The report suggested by the auditors included the disclaimer clauses indicating it was not a certificate to prove the financial viability. Conclusion The study shows how the organizations needs to go beyond agency theory in order to enhance the corporate governance. The intrinsic and extrinsic factors responsible for motivation further states the effect of engaging an employee as a role as business partner directly influences the job performance of an individual. The latter part of the report suggested the importance of adhering to the need of maintaining audit reports with more financial viability and ensuring the need for accurate auditing and recording of financial data. Reference List for Part II Agyei, A. and Gyamerah, S., 2014. The Awareness of Employees on Tax Relief Scheme in Ghana. International Business and Management, 9(1), pp.79-83. Agyei, A. and Owusu, A.R., 2014. The Effect of Ownership Structure and Corporate Governance on Capital Structure of Ghanaian Listed Manufacturing Companies. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 4(1), pp.109-118. Agyei, A., Aye, B.K. and Owusu-Yeboah, E., 2013. An assessment of audit expectation gap in Ghana. Int. J. Acad. Res. Account., Financ. Manage. Sci, 3(4), pp.112-1 Boateng, I.A. and Agyei, A., 2013. Microfinance in Ghana: Development, Success Factors and Challenges. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(4), pp.153-160. Gold, A., Gronewold, U. and Pott, C., 2012. The ISA 700 auditor's report and the audit expectation gapDo explanations matter?. International Journal of Auditing, 16(3), pp.286-307. Mock, T.J., Bdard, J., Coram, P., Espahbodi, R. and Warne, R.C., 2013. Comment letter to respond to the IAASB invitation to comment on its Exposure Draft, Reporting on Audited Financial Statements: Proposed New and Revised International Standards on Auditing (ISAs). Okafor, C.A. and Otalor, J.I., 2013. Narrowing the Expectation Gap in Auditing: The Role of the Auditing Profession. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 4(2), pp.43-52. Otalor, J. and Okafor, C., 2013. Imperatives of Bridging the Audit Expectation Gap and Enhancing the Credibility of Corporate Financial Information. International Journal of Business and Social Research, 3(5), pp.125-138. Pott, C., Gronewold, U. and Gold, A.H., 2012. The ISA 700 Auditors Report and the Audit Expectation GapDo Additional Explanations Matter?.

Minimum Wage The Questionable Policy Essays - Economy, Business

Minimum Wage: The Questionable Policy As early as 6.00 am in a dark and cold morning of Midwest winter, a few people walking on an icy sidewalk. Under chilling wind, those people walk to a large, old building. Inside the building, the people work for repetitive, backbreaking low waged jobs. In the same day, late at night, you can see similar scene: some people walking out of the building under heavy snowstorm. Being one of those people, I know the feeling of a minimum waged worker. Like all of those workers, I feel exhausted after finishing my job. Everyday, I wait with impatience to hear my supervisor say That is it, turn off the belt. After put off my safety gloves and sweep my sweat, I can only think to return to my room and sleep. I lost most of my time and energy just for a few dollars. There are a lot of people that work harder and earn less than me. The poor, especially less-skilled workers, has access only to bad jobs at bad wages (Blank 64). Those workers always face bad situation. They are poor. They are struggling to sustain the life of their families. On the contrary, the owners of the company where they work have a high standard of living. Bad wage is advantageous for the group of people known as traditional elites who own labor-intensive firms because it lowers production cost, thus increase the competitiveness of the product. For that reason, it is natural for the traditional elites to keep wage as low as possible. This action creates what Karl Marx wrote in The Communist Manifesto as naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation (82). The minimum wage seems to be an appealing solution against these abusive exploitations. Applying a minimum wage law, government can force a wealth distribution among the owners and their lowest level workers. On Saturday, June 25, 1938, The U.S. Congress first instituted a minimum wage with the Fair Labor Standard Act. The minimum wage was set at 25 cents per working hour (US Department of Labor). The federal minimum wage is increase overtime, adjusted for higher living cost due to accumulated inflation. The minimum wage level is currently set at $5.15 per working hour (2001). An increase in minimum wage can help the poor by substantial amount. A 75-cent per hour increase in the minimum wage means an additional $1,500 for a minimum wage earner who works full-time, year round as much as the average family spends on groceries in 6 months (Bureau of Labor Statistics). For a minimum wage worker, this fund injection is greatly helpful. Minimum wage increase is undoubtedly favorable for low waged earners, even if their current wage is well above the minimum wage. A theory known as the ripple effects (Welch 26) said that an imposed minimum wage increase all wages, and lowest wages are affected most. There is at least another advantage of imposing higher minimum wage. According to Gregory Mankiw, one of the ten principles of microeconomics is people respond to incentives (7). Higher wages give stronger incentive to the labors, and as a result, a stronger effort to work. In other words, higher wages can generate higher profit. This opinion sounds too good to be true, but when Henry Ford open his famous car factory, the theory is proofed. With a very generous wage in his time, Ford recorded one of the greatest successes in the history. As popularly believed, minimum wage provides a win-win situation to deprive poverty. If it is so advantageous then we should raise the minimum wage with a substantial ammount. The vast majority of Americans will agree to raise the minimum wage to $5 per hour or more. How many will agree to increase minimum wage to $100 per hour? I am sure that most well educated person will not agree to such an extreme increase. According to the law of supply, a high price level will raise the quantity demanded. With a very few exception, this law prevail for all kinds of market, including the market of labor. Thus, an upsurge in the minimum wage will promote the number of people interested to join the labor force. The new labor emerge from

Free Essays on Nazi Germany

In the period 1933-43 the Nazi party could be said to have had virtually total control of Germany. There were no attempts to overthrow the Government, few incidents of public opposition to Nazi policy and little in the way of political pressure groups opposing policies. This suggests that Hitler and the Nazi's had total control of Germany during this period. It is however a slightly misleading. There was some underground resistance to Nazi measures, some anti government pamphlets were produced and there were certainly instances of members of the public refusing to join the party or make the Nazi salute. There is evidence to show that some people were imprisoned for failing to comply with these minor regulations, as is demonstrated in source 5. It must also be noted that the Nazi party employed a very forceful approach to opposition and that the Nazi propaganda machine was such that opposing views would rarely have been visible publicly. This means that the scale of opposition is extremely hard to gauge: it is true though that the majority of people within Hitler's Third Reich were either supportive or sympathetic towards the regime. The most obvious opposition was from the church, yet this was not on a scale large enough to worry the government and wasn't pointed enough to have any great impact upon popular beliefs, as is shown in source 3. In general it can be said that the Nazi's were very much in control of the people. They didn't pacify all Germans and there were occasions when policy would be grumbled about. The nature of the regime was such though that complaints were dealt with quickly and effectively through propaganda, the people would see benefits in other aspects of their lives and those who had more hard line views about the Nazi leadership would be removed from public circulation, either through imprisonment or execution.... Free Essays on Nazi Germany Free Essays on Nazi Germany In the period 1933-43 the Nazi party could be said to have had virtually total control of Germany. There were no attempts to overthrow the Government, few incidents of public opposition to Nazi policy and little in the way of political pressure groups opposing policies. This suggests that Hitler and the Nazi's had total control of Germany during this period. It is however a slightly misleading. There was some underground resistance to Nazi measures, some anti government pamphlets were produced and there were certainly instances of members of the public refusing to join the party or make the Nazi salute. There is evidence to show that some people were imprisoned for failing to comply with these minor regulations, as is demonstrated in source 5. It must also be noted that the Nazi party employed a very forceful approach to opposition and that the Nazi propaganda machine was such that opposing views would rarely have been visible publicly. This means that the scale of opposition is extremely hard to gauge: it is true though that the majority of people within Hitler's Third Reich were either supportive or sympathetic towards the regime. The most obvious opposition was from the church, yet this was not on a scale large enough to worry the government and wasn't pointed enough to have any great impact upon popular beliefs, as is shown in source 3. In general it can be said that the Nazi's were very much in control of the people. They didn't pacify all Germans and there were occasions when policy would be grumbled about. The nature of the regime was such though that complaints were dealt with quickly and effectively through propaganda, the people would see benefits in other aspects of their lives and those who had more hard line views about the Nazi leadership would be removed from public circulation, either through imprisonment or execution....

The Meaning and Origin of the Last Name Thomas

The Meaning and Origin of the Last Name 'Thomas' Some of the most common names from the Middle Ages tend to come from religious backgrounds such as biblical texts and the names of saints.  Other names have come from the language spoken at the time. For example, Bennett is Latin and means blessed while Godwin comes from English and means good friend.  Along with vernacular language, some medieval surnames have been based on a job or where the person lived, and many of these names still exist today. For instance, the last name Baker could come from a family who had a maker of bread while the last name Fisher involved someone who was a catcher of fish. Patronymic Origin of Thomas Derived from a popular medieval first name, Thomas comes from the Aramaic term t’om’a, for twin. The Thomas surname is of patronymic origin, based on the first name of the father, meaning son of Thomas, much like Thomason.  The first letter of the name Thomas was originally the Greek theta which accounts for the common TH spelling. Thomas is the 14th most popular surname in the United States and the 9th most common in England. Thomas is also the third most common surname in France  and its surname origin is of Welsh and English descent. Alternate Surname Spellings If you have one of the following surnames, it may be counted as an alternative spelling to Thomas with similar origin and meaning: TomasThomasonTomasonTommasiTomaThomThomaThummThomeTomaschekTomichKhomichThomasson Famous People With the Surname Clarence Thomas: U.S. Supreme Court JusticeDylan Thomas:  Welsh poetKristin Scott Thomas:  British-born French actressDanny Thomas:  American comedian, producer, and actorM. Carey Thomas: Pioneer in womens educationDebi Thomas: Olympic figure skater; first African-American to win a medal at the Winter OlympicsJamie Thomas: Pro skateboarderIsiah Thomas: American basketball player and coach Genealogy Resources 100 Most Common US Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Thomas Surname DNA StudyThe objectives of the Thomas project are to use Y-DNA to find connections between Thomas lines and to hopefully determine the countries of origin of these various families. All Thomas males are welcome to participate. Thomas Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Thomas surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Thomas query. FamilySearch - THOMAS GenealogyExplore over 14 million historical records, lineage-linked family trees, and other results posted for the Thomas surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website. References: Surname Meanings and Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Cathay Pacific Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cathay Pacific Analysis - Essay Example ines industry, with heavy commercial business in terms of passengers and cargo movements along the globe, and conversely, economic slowdowns and recession casts its gloom over the airlines industry in terms of empty seats and unused cargo capacities. This is precisely what has happened in the case of Cathay Pacific which was a victim of the East Asian Crisis way back in 1997, which resulted in massive falls in local currencies as against the harder ones. Thus the depreciation in currencies caused heavier debts in terms of reeling fuel costs, interest payment and debt repayments, that provided acceleration of crisis that left many airlines in virtual doldrums and staggering losses. 2. Stiff competition offered by smaller, no frills airlines, which are alarmingly lower on ticket fares and yet maintain excellent levels of service, causing high levels of passenger migration. Larger airlines, with heavy overheads, operating costs and bureaucratic attitudes, cannot match these smaller airlines in terms of fares and benefits offered. 3. In the case of Cathay Pacific, it is seen that they have not been able to successfully hedge fuel costs, as a result of which, their woes are compounded. With oil prices fluctuated from $140/barrel at one point of time to just $45/barrel at another time, it became increasingly difficult for airlines to reasonably predict and hedge fuel prices, resulting in heavy losses. â€Å"The fall in fuel prices, though welcome, caused unrealised mark to market losses of HK$7.6 billion on our fuel hedging contracts for the period 2009-2011 which were entered into in order to give a degree of certainty as to future fuel prices and protection against price increases.† (Cathay Pacific Airways Limited. 2008). 4. During the Asian currency crisis sparked off by the fall in the Thai baht during 1997, the tourist traffic in this part of East Asia virtually collapsed. Nearly 85% of tour bookings were cancelled or postponed, and nearly 40% fall in tourism

A Teacher's Expectations of Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Teacher's Expectations of Students - Essay Example This is so that each student in a school will have goals that they should be obtaining in their learning each year. Without guidelines written in stone passed down from the state departments of education, there would be no map of direction for teachers to follow. When expectations are developed, whether true or not in reality, it can be perceived as being true. If these expectations are met, students experience a self-fulfillment prophecy (Stipek). In an average classroom, students on the first day of school will not only learn the name of their teacher, but they will be given a basic idea of what their classroom rules will be throughout the year or semester. Situations may arise and students may test their teachers patience with behavior but as long as guidelines for discipline are set in stone and every student is treated fairly, the students will learn to respect the unsaid expectations of the teacher. A teacher must enter his or her classroom that first day with a mapped out plan . With older students, a teacher might distribute a syllabus that describes the expectations and objectives of the class. However, with younger students, giving them a written out format like a syllabus may not be as useful because they may not be able to read it yet if they are very young or may not have the ability to interpret it well enough to make it apply to them personally. When a teacher expects a lot from his or her students, he or she has the ability to push them to learn. Through a teacher's own passion for learning and teaching, he or she can instill that same drive into the students' minds. When looking at students in grades fourth through sixth grades, this is a trying time to get the students to become more independent with their studies. They will be learning that they are in charge of completing their own assignments. It is also a crucial time when harder homework starts trickling in and the students begin to realize the importance of taking initiative to complete t heir assignments on time. In these grade levels, it is also still a time when it is normal to reward students for excellence by offering trinkets or other awards for a job well done. Students respond well to positive reinforcement. While they are not yet young adults and are not still young children, this age of students are in a transitional period. If a teacher rewards a student for a perfect score on a vocabulary test, it is evident that he or she is encouraging the students to push themselves to also receive perfect scores. This can then influence their academic achievements and improve their grades. This also gives them incentive to get a better grade next time. Sometimes teachers give their students materials that go beyond what other students their age are doing. If a fourth grader is given an eighth grade level book to read and write a report on, it is fulfilling because they are working with more advanced materials. This increases their mastery and productivity by exposing them to curriculum that is beyond regular achievement. Why reach for the clouds if you can touch the stars? If you dream it, you can become it. These are both statements that propose reaching for higher expectations. Students will achieve more if they are pushed to their boundaries and beyond. In the process, students will become brighter and more intelligent when exposed to curriculum that is above their grade level. Some expectations that would positively influence a student's achievements would be to

Response Mc Graw-Hill Essay Example for Free

Response Mc Graw-Hill Essay With respect to the topic about the role of perception in a conflict, I am going to relate this to my personal conflict with a neighbor in the community that I live. I experience this conflict when our neighbor reprimanded my brother in a humiliating twice in different times for the reason that the latter used to play his radio component in high volume. Considering the distance of our houses, my mother believed that there was really no disturbance that was created by my brother. However, the said neighbor is still angry with us and tried to spread the issue around the neighborhood. That made my family more angry against our neighbor and we even showed disgust with him. As such, there are two things that are important for the same, and these include communication behaviors and the perceptions of these behaviors ( Hocker and Wilmot, 2001, p. 26). In addition to that, the way a conflict is characterized metaphorically creates a certain perception of what can happen, what will happen, what should happen and with what kind of feeling actions might take place (17). For instance, my perception with the conflict that I was involved was that, the constant show of utter disrespect my neighbor has shown me by wearing an angry face everytime I am around means that he disliked my presence. It may happen that I will do the same to my neighbor as a counter-reaction or maybe I will create a bad impression on him in my mind. I can detect that there are so many factors affecting my perceptions. The fact that I am also a guy, I hated my neighbor so much and his family background and cultural display are another factors of the conflict. Actually, my neighbor is a foreigner, particularly a Chinese. We have different cultural orientations and perceptions. He hates noise around him and knowing my brother who loves listening to loud music, they would really end up enemies by conflicting needs and likes. I am really affected to this conflict because it is a matter that affects my whole family. Reference Hocker, J. and Wilmot, W. (2001). Interpersonal Conflict. USA: Mc Graw-Hill.

Comparing Clothing in Knights Tale and the Millers Tale Essay

One of the striking differences between the Knyghts Tale and the Millers Tale (which is supposed to "quit(e)" the Knyghts Tale) is that of clothing (the former tale) and lack of clothing (in the latter). Upon an inspection of the General Prologue's description of the Knyght, I found that clothing is a very signifcant part of the Knyght's Tale. Chaucer's decription of him may forshadow (or, since Chaucer wrote the tales after they were told, color his perceptions of the Knyght) the importance of clothing in the Knyght's Tale. Special attention is paid to the Knyght's coat of mail. "He was a verray, parfit gentil knyght. But for to tellen you of his array, His hors were goode, but he was nat gay. Of fustian he wered a gypon Al bismotered with his habergeon, For he was late ycome from his viage, And he wente for to doon his pilgrimage." (lines I [A] 72-78). The rust-stained mail is indicative that his armor was worn out, perhaps really useless, and only serves to weigh him down. The idea of an artifice such as armor or clothing that was designed to protect but later becomes a worn-out, useless, binding, and ultimately harmful object is echoed throughout the tale. Chaucer may have been satirizing the Romantic tale rather than glorifying it by copying it. Of Romances (more specifically, the Knyghts Tale), Finlayson wrote "A principal characteristic of romance is its formalism of language, gesture, and story--what might be considered its deliberate exclusion of naturalism." (pg 130). Formal language is a form of dress, an ornamentation. The naturalism that lacks in the Knyghts Tale is certainly found in the Miller's fabliaux with it's frequent descriptions of nakedness. The nakedness in the Miller's tale is almost a we... ...her hand in marriage. Finally, Palamon takes her hand. And finally, flesh touches flesh. The ending is fitting, for only by stripping away the artifices that bind, does anyone become happy. Perhaps the Knyght wishes to shed his armor, for it is a hindrance to him also with its rust that colors his clothes. The Miller, in the next tale, goes to the extreme of shedding clothing, which, as we later read, has its danger also. Works Cited Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Ed Mack, Maynard et al. W. W. Norton and Co. New York, NY. 1992. Finlayson, John. "The Knyghts Tale: The Dialogue of Romance, Epic, and Philosophy". The Chaucer Review: A Journal of Medieval Studies and Literary Criticism. ed. Frank, Robert W., Pennsylvania State Press, University Park, PA. Vol. 27 no. 2. 1992. 126-149. Riverside Chaucer

Greek Mythology in Sun, Moon, and Talia

Sun, Moon and Talia is an Italian fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 book, Pentamerone. It is one of the earliest and more sophisticated versions of Sleeping Beauty, following adult themes of rape, sexuality, infidelity and murder – far different from the later and softer versions of the tale (Hallett & Karasek, 2009). In Sun, Moon, and Talia, Basile uses various references to figures in Greek mythology. These references offer sophisticated portrayals of his characters’ personalities. Through examining these Greek figures, their identity, history and position in Greek mythology, one can draw parallels between the characters and their plights in Basile’s tale. In Basile’s story, Scylla and Charybdis are mentioned by the Queen when she says to the King’s secretary, â€Å"Listen, my son, you are between Scylla and Charybdis, between doorpost and the door, between the poker and the grate† (Hallett & Karasek, 2009). Historically, Scylla and Charybdis were sea monsters situated across one another on the banks of the narrow Strait of Messina. Scylla lived in a cave facing the west and was a gruesome sight with twelve feet, six longs necks and heads with three rows of close-set teeth. She would capture sailors from every ship that passed by with each of her mouths. On the cliff opposite her resided Charybdis. Three times a day she would absorb and regurgitate the water of the passage creating a dangerous whirlpool (Keightley, 1838, p. 271). The Queen’s mention of Scylla and Charybdis is grouped with other harsh and narrow conditions. The phrase ‘between Scylla and Charybdis’ is a Greek idiom used to describe two equally perilous alternatives, neither of which can be passed without encountering and probably falling victim to the other. It is used similar to the English idiom ‘between a rock and a hard place’. The Queen uses the harsh words to compel the King’s secretary to give testimony to the activities of her husband. Another Greek figure mentioned in the tale is Medea, daughter of King Aeetes of Colchis. In 431 B. C. Euripides wrote the play Medea in which she is betrayed by her husband Jason when he decides to take another wife. In her depression over her husband’s actions, she takes the insane action of murdering her two children: And here I quit this theme; but I shudder at the deed I must do next; for I will slay the children I have bourne; there is none shall take them from my toils; and when I have utterly confounded Jason’s house I will leave the land, esca ping punishment for my dear children’s murder, after my most unholy deed. (Svarlien, 2008) The similarities between the Queen and Medea are subtle. While Medea killed her own children out of distress over Jason’s new marriage, the Queen ordered the cook to kill the children her husband had with Talia. The themes of jealousy, betrayal and infidelity are apparent and are shared between the two women. Finally, Basile mentions Charon, the ferryman of the dead. The souls of the deceased are passed on to him by Hermes, and Charon ferries them across the river Acheron into the underworld. In her fit of rage, the Queen ordered the secretary to bring Talia to her so that she may be killed by burning to death in a fire. When confronted with this state of affairs, Talia asked the Queen if she could take the time to remove her clothes first. The Queen agreed and Basile narrates, â€Å"they were just going to drag her away to reduce her to lye ashes, which they would throw into boiling water to wash Charon’s breeches with (Hallett & Karasek, 2009). † The mention of Charon at this climatic part of the story indicates the gravity of Talia’s situation. Basile alludes to the brutal end Talia was about to meet. Altogether, Basile’s tale offers an early version of the classic Sleeping Beauty fairy-tale that most readers would be astonished to read. The subtle comparisons to figures from Greek mythology and their relation to his characters’ personalities create an atmosphere of grave seriousness and complexity. The tale is mature and creates a sophisticated, yet dark atmosphere with its seemingly tragic plot. References Hallett, Martin & Karasek, Barbara (2009). Folk & Fairy Tales: 4Th Edition. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press Keightly, Thomas. (1838). The Mythology of Ancient Greece and Italy. Whittaker and Co. Svarlien, Diane Arson. (2008). Medea. Hackett Publishing Charon. (n. d. ). In Encyclopaedia Mythica Online. Retrieved from http://pantheon. org/articles/c/charon. html

Consistently Developing Knowledge, Skills, and Values

Consistently Developing Knowledge, Skills and Values An integral part of human is his continual development and his productivity towards excellence. It is said that knowledge is power. Yes, it is; but it should go along with one’s abilities and attitude in his life-long endeavour. Each of us should be honed to become a better citizen of our society—a true asset and a good leader who contributes to the betterment of our nation, but how?The big question lies on how we could open our eyes to the big changing world as we advance ourselves in every aspect of our lives. We have to be aware of the call for self-sustainability that will bring about mutual benefits to others. Let us take the influence of our good leaders like Mahatma Ghandi and Jawaharlal Neru as peace leaders. How about Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln as America’s pride towards unification? Here, our national hero Dr.Jose Rizal exerted a lot of influence to us and they left an unwavering legacy. A ll these were a product of their consistent productivity that touched the lives of our people. Now you, as an ordinary citizen of our nation, could make a difference by stepping out to become a part of a successful country and by keeping yourself well directed and focused on your perceived goals towards continuous development for you and of what you could do to others.Remember that the hunger to learn, in varied levels, has always been part of your existence. The questions you encounter spring out from your intention and motivation to learn. With positive regard on every challenge thrown along your way, you must muster a needed degree of expertise and fuse it with an ample amount of experience to have the edge in acquiring and consistently developing knowledge, skills and values essential to progress in a rate that will quantify a person’s development.Therefore, whether you are teachers or students at schools, doctors or nurses in hospitals, and even organizers or judges in t his oratorical competition, 1) develop knowledge by welcoming and adding new pieces of information from all possible resources. Let it grow with an open yet analytical mind synthesizing old and new data along with current trends not allowing any room for stagnation. 2) Develop skills through constant practice aiming at accomplishing significant levels of precision and excellence. ) Align these ripening knowledge and advancing skills with values essential to the realities in life while keeping motivated. This is the very core of this subject. Without motivation that steers a person to achieve greater knowledge, information and ideas are insignificant. Guidance will point an individual to the right information, hence, feeding the soul strive to search for something of great essence to the society. His passion to learn and to grow makes him invest in developing knowledge, skills and values while harnessing his understanding on a culture that tends to evolve for greater good.One’ s thought process is the key factor followed by his interest in the subject on why and how he would retain information. An individual gathers ideas and confines the relevant and the ones with utmost value to their development. Once ideas have been proven effective in ways, he will deduct or resort to other processes in addressing future conflicts while tuning ways to consistently develop knowledge, skills and values.

Future Tenses Essay Example

Future Tenses Essay Example Future Tenses Essay Future Tenses Essay Future tenses There are several different ways in English that you can talk about the future. This page is an introduction to the most important ones: Predictions/statements of fact Intentions Arrangements Scheduled events Predictions/statements of fact The auxiliary verb will is used in making predictions or simple statements of fact about the future. The sun will rise at 6. 30 tomorrow. Lunch break today will be 10 minutes longer than usual. In the year 2050 all students will have their own computers in school. If you help me, I will help you. Do you think she will come soon? You wont pass your exams if you dont start working harder. I know my parents wont let me go to the party. Will it snow for Christmas? I know shes sick, but will she be back in school tomorrow? Intentions The auxiliary verb going to is used in talking about intentions. (An intention is a plan for the future that you have already thought about. ) Were going to buy a new car next month. Im going to work in a bank when I leave school. In the new year Im going to stop eating so much Junk. Hes not going to go to the dance. Hes got too much work. Im not going to watch TV until my science project is finished. : Are you going to play basketball after school? What are you going to have for lunch today? Note: going to is often used in the past tense to talk about an unfulfilled intention. Examples: I was going to study for my grammar test, but I had no time. / He was going to call you, but he couldnt find his mobile phone. / My grandmother was going to visit us, but she fell and broke her arm. Arrangements The present continuous tense is used in talking about arrangements. (An arrangement is is a plan for the future that you have already thought about and issued with someone else. Im meeting my mother at the airport tomorrow. Our grandparents are visiting us this Christmas. Sorry, I cant stay after school today; Im playing tennis with June-Ski. My sisters going to the dentist tomorrow. Im not returning home for the holidays, so I can come to your party after all! Are you doing anything on Sunday morning? Do you know if he is going to the dance with Maims next week? Scheduled events The present simple tense is usually used to refer to future events that are scheduled (and outside of our control). Hurry up! The train departs in 10 minutes. I leave Frankfurt at 5 oclock in the morning and arrive in New York at midnight the She has an appointment with the headmaster after school today. Theres no need to hurry. The train doesnt leave for another 30 minutes. When does the meeting begin? Below is a list of some of the less common tenses, followed in each case by examples. Note that the continuous tenses convey the idea of an event or state going on for a period of time: Present perfect continuous I have been working in the garden all day, and now Im extremely tired. She has been living in a one-room apartment since she left home. How long have you been playing the piano? Hes been learning German for two years, but he still cant speak it very well. Weve been painting our house since last Friday, but were still a long way from finishing. We havent been living in Germany very long. Why are you sweating? Have you been running? Past perfect continuous I had been working in the garden all day, and all I wanted to do was sleep. She had been living in a one-room apartment for a year before getting married. How long had you been playing the piano before the accident with your hand? Hed been earning German for two years, but he stopped when he returned to Japan. Wed been painting our house for two weeks, but we were still a long way from finishing. Future continuous At this time next week I will be sitting in the plane on the way to New York. Dont call me after 10 oclock. Ill be sleeping. If you want to see IMHO tomorrow, you will have to go to the school. She will be taking a test all afternoon. I wont be working on my car this weekend. My mother-in- law will be here. Future perfect I hope my mother will have finished cooking dinner by the time I get home. You can come at 6 oclock. I will have done my homework by then. Theres no point calling her at home. She will have left for work already. On June 25 2020 they will have been married for 60 years. Future perfect continuous By the time I retire I will have been working here for 45 years! If she reaches her 60th birthday, she will have been smoking for half a century! Future Tenses in English Exercise 1 Principia del formulaic 1) The train leaves at 11:45. 2) We are going to have dinner at a nice restaurant on Saturday. 3) It will snow in the mountains tomorrow evening. On Sunday at 8 oclock I am meeting my friend. 5) They are flying to London on Friday evening. 6) Wait! I will drive you to the station. 7) The English lesson starts at 8:45. 8) I am going to see my sister in April. At the door. I will open the door for you. Final del formulaic Simple Present / Simple Future Present Continuous / Future Continuous Correct! Well done. Your score is 69%. 1. Right now, I am watching TV. Tomo rrow at this time, I (watch) will be watching TV as well. 2. Tomorrow after school, I (go) am going to go to the beach. 3. I am going on a dream vacation to Tahiti.

Battle of Issus Essay Example for Free

Battle of Issus Essay The Battle of Issus Sometime around 310 BCE an artist by the name of Philoxenus of Eretria created a mosaic (creating images with an assemblage of small pieces of colored material) of the Battle of Issus that has long been considered one of the greatest artworks of antiquity. Found at the House of the Faun in Pompeii in 1831 the mosaic is composed of about one and a half million tiny individual colored tiles called tesserae. The artwork illustrates the battle in which invading troops led by Alexander of Macedonia defeated the army led by King Darius III of Persia. When looking at the piece the viewer cannot help but be impressed by the psychological intensity of the drama taking place. On the Persian side of the piece the viewer’s eye is immediately drawn to the prominent figure of Darius shown in his chariot. A look of pure desperation, and perhaps even fear, is etched in Darius’ face as victory slips through his hands. As his steely eyed charioteer turns to rein his horses for a fast retreat to safety Darius stretches out his hand toward Alexander either in disbelief that Alexander has beaten him, or perhaps in grief over the death of one of his â€Å"immortals†. Around him are his Persian soldiers who mill in confusion in the background, their faces filled with fear and determination. On the same side, there are two other figures that are quite notable and demonstrate the artist’s technical mastery. The first is the artist’s depiction of the rearing horse right below Darius which is seen in a three-quarter rear view. The rider, his terror evident upon his face, glances back at the battle as he attempts to control his horse. This kind of depiction is very impressive and is much more accomplished then other similar attempts such as the shading in the Pella mosaic or the Vergina mural (Kleiner 142). The second, perhaps even more impressive, is the artist’s portrayal of the Persian in the foreground who has fallen onto the ground and raises a small shield in a pathetic attempt to prevent being trampled. The man’s terrified face is reflected on the polished surface of the shield moments before the chariot crushes him under its ornate wheels. On the Macedonian side of things the viewer’s eye is of course drawn to Alexander. This portrait of Alexander is one of his most famous. His breastplate depicts Medusa the Gorgon. He leads the charge into battle on his horse Bucephalus, without even a helmet to protect him, and maintains an aura of unshaken confidence in direct contrast to Darius. As Alexander surges forward in a supreme effort he drives his spear straight through one of Darius’s trusted â€Å"immortals† who puts himself between him and the King of Persia. As the impaled Persian collapses to the ground, Alexander fixes his gaze upon Darius in utter hatred. Although the deteriorated condition of the mosaic makes it difficult to distinguish much on the Macedonian side a cavalryman wearing a Boeotian helmet with a golden wreath can been seen behind Alexander. Looking at the mosaic as a whole there are a few important details that grab ones attention. First is the fact that the landscape is very minimal, only one gnarled tree trunk appearing in the background and a few discarded weapons and rocks in the foreground. Secondly, everywhere in the scene men, animals, and weapons cast shadows on the ground. This unusual attention to detail is what enhances the intensity of the piece and gives it an aspect of realism that truly shows the horror and confusion of battle. The viewer cannot help but be drawn into the conflict and become a part of the drama as it unfolds. To me this mosaic is not only a truly great piece of art but also has furthered my understanding of Roman artwork, Macedonian warfare and the emotion in Hellenistic-styled mosaics. It is easy to understand how Roman author and natural philosopher Pliny the Elder concluded that Philoxenus’ depiction of the Battle of Issus was â€Å"inferior to none† (Kleiner 142). Battle of Issus. (2018, Oct 25).

Managing Contention for Shared Resources on Multicore Processors Case Study - 1

Managing Contention for Shared Resources on Multicore Processors - Case Study Example As a result, they ran a group of applications on different schedules, paired differently such that each application had the opportunity to pair with the other applications. They ran each possible schedule in the same memory domain rather than as an individual entity. In doing this they managed to attain the actual degradation of each bench mark while sharing the same memory domain as another bench mark. They then compared the actual best schedule with the estimated best schedule, that is they compared the degradation of the estimated best schedule in relation to the actual best one. They concluded that high-rate-miss applications should not be combined with low-rate-miss applications. Zhuravlev et al.(2) adds that previous works meant to improve thread performance in multicore systems was based on cache contention as it was assumed that it was the main, if not the only cause of performance degradation. They also state that (Zhuravlev et al. 20) "in this context cache contention is suffering extra cache misses because its co-runner (threads running on cores that share the same LLC) bring their own data into the LLC evicting the data of others." As stated by (Federova et al. 45) when a thread requests a cache line that doesnt exist, then a cache miss is registered, and a new cache line must be allocated. Chandra, Guo, Kim and Salihin (nd, p1) indicate that the sharing of a cache by threads in multicore processors is important to prevent redundancy. However, when several threads share the same cache, they compete for the available cache space. The sharing of cache space isnt uniform and therefore, the performance of those threads that access less cache space is greatly reduced. Federova et al. (32) have throughout the analysis aim to prove that the best formula to avoid contention in multicore processor systems is by building a contention-aware scheduler. They state that assigning applications to cores depending on the best possible schedule, may

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Reflection - Essay Example They are basically essential in communicating effectively and efficiently. For example, directives coming from the headquarters can be cascaded faster and clearly with the use of emails, texts fax and telephone calls. This is possible even if the receiving parties are located overseas at real time and costs almost nothing. Emails for example vitually shrunk the world into a small village because organizations can interact regardless of distance. The synergy betweent effective communication and information technology is inseparable. Communication is the content while information technology is the medium to dispense the information (Adeyemi-Bello, 2001). These information are critical to the organization because it affects not only on how the organization should act or react, but also on how it should create and place its products and services in the market which is essential in running a business. The interaction between the two is aimed towards a highly effective operations management that actually delivers the product or service to the customers that will satisfy the customer and make the organization more competitive in the

The structure (the form) of a family changed over time and The purpose Essay

The structure (the form) of a family changed over time and The purpose (the function) of a family changed over time - Essay Example Improved health standards that have reduced mortality rates have changed the families’ perspective of having many children. Over time, the family has become more complex because of the increased rates of cohabitation, reconstituted families, divorce and births to unmarried mothers. The main reason for the breakdowns and complex networks is the increased need for romanticism surrounding marriage (Drucker 12). The purpose of a family has also changed over time. Research shows that only sixty percent of American families can fulfil their purposes. These failures have been due to the rise in cases of divorce, need for self-reliance in women, immoral behaviors in children among others. Today, some parents even disown their children due to conflicts arising between them. Technological advancements such as test-tube babies have destroyed the role of procreation in a family (Magnusson 3). The need for independence in women has made them concentrate in their careers. The reduced parental guidance from parents has led to the deterioration of moral values in

Impact of Negative Externalities in Economics

Impact of Negative Externalities in Economics Externalities are outsider impacts emerging from generation and utilization of products and administrations for which no proper remuneration is paid. Externalities happen outside of the business sector i.e. they influence individuals not straightforwardly included in the creation and/or utilization of a merchandises or administration. They are otherwise called overflow impacts. Economical movements makes overflow profits and overflow costs – with negative externalities. A negative externality happens when an individual or firm settling on a choice does not need to pay the full cost of the choice. In the event that a product has a negative externality, then the expense to society is more prominent than the expense customer is paying for it. Since purchasers settle on a choice focused around where their peripheral expense squares with their minimal profit, and since they dont consider the expense of the negative externality, negative externalities bring about business sector inefficiencies unless legitimate move is made. Negative externalities emerge when the private expenses of products are lower than the social expenses (private expense + external espenses) prompting a lower value level (as just private expenses are perceived by the business sector) and in this way to overproduction of a terrible which prompts wastefulness and diminishment out in the open welfare (does damage to society or lessens the general great to society of having autos). Pollution illustrates negative externalities clearly. Case in point, a steel creating firm may pump contaminations into the air. While the firm need to pay for power, materials, and so forth, the people living around the processing plant will pay for the contamination since it will make them have higher medicinal costs, poorer personal satisfaction, diminished aesthetic request of the air, and so on. Hence the creation of steel by the firm has an adverse expense to the individuals encompassing the manufacturing plant -a cost that the steel firm doesnt need to pay (Economics.fundamentalfinance.com, 2014) Sources equipped to economically shorten their negative externalities would definitely decrease, offering their licenses to less adaptable polluters (Blinder 1987) Some more noticeable examples from externalities include: Smokers overlook the destructive effect of harmful detached smoking on non-smokers Air contamination from street utilize and movement blockage and the effect of street exhaust on lungs Outside expenses of scratching the seabed for supplies of rock The outside expense of nourishment waste The outside expenses of cleaning up from litter and the dropping of mulling over gum The outside expenses of the miles that nourishment goes from maker to the last purchaser The externalities joined to the oil sands extend in the Canadian wild Ronald Coase points out solution to negative externalities as; Under immaculate rivalry, once government has appointed unmistakably characterized property rights in challenged capitals and till transactions expenses are insignificant, private gatherings that produce or are influenced by externalities will arrange deliberate proclamations that prompt the socially ideal asset distribution and yield blend paying little mind to how the property rights are allocated. (Coase, 1960) For instance, if the steel factory possesses the rights, then the people that live around the plant will be ready to pay the steel process not to deliver -up to the cost that they are acquiring from health services, diminished aesthetic request of the air, and so on. This sum that they are eager to pay turns into an opportunity cost for the steel factory in the event that they deliver. In this manner they will slice creation to the ideal level. Then again, if the individuals possess the air, then the steel factory would need to pay them that same sum for the right to deliver. Accordingly the negative externality is specifically added to the steel plants minimal expense. An alternate approach to take care of the negative externality issue is to just expense the maker the measure of the negative externality. This adds to the makers peripheral cost and will make them lessen yield. (Economics.fundamentalfinance.com, 2014). Externalities are likely the contention for government intercession that economists generally regard. Externalities are often used to advocate the legislatures responsibility for with positive externalities and disallowance of items with negative externalities. Monetarily talking, notwithstanding, this is pointless excess. In the event that free enterprise that is, no legislature intercession gives excessively little training, the clear result is some type of subsidy to educating, not government generation of instruction. Additionally, if free enterprise gives an excessive amount of cocaine, a measured reaction is to expense it, not boycott it totally. (Caplan, 2014) Taxation Also government can decrement externalities would be to increase the private expenses of the products to meet the social expenses so that the new market balance is at the point where social expenses approaches social profits (socially ideal point). This is possible by the administration taxation on products with externalities which will aid reducing adverse effects of products, scarcity of goods and will increase government revenue too. Yet it will draw some negative actions too such as, impact and product causing externalities measurement would be difficult, in case of inelastic demand hefty taxes won’t change demand, evasion can occur more (e.g. dumping trash illegally) and in some cases inequality can also be the resultant. Forcing laws and regulations- This is the place for administration forces law to totally deny purchasers captivating transactions with negative externalities. As an illustration, few years prior numerous nations banned use of supplies discharging CFC gas which diminished the outflow of greenhouse gasses bringing about no externality circumstance. Tradable recompenses- This is the place the legislature forces a limit up to which a certain transaction can result in negative externalities. As case, government awards authorization for a firm to take part in exercises which can result in air contamination however it is dependent upon 15% of aggregate contamination level. This will restrict the contamination level of the economy. Rather than rectifying negative externalities positive externalities are supported by government gifts/subsidies, charge reliefs for positive externalities inventors and procurement from government costs, for example, barrier costs and wellbeing costs. To study negative externalities, agriculture market of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis – soil bacteria) cotton is analyzed. China has been reported as most exhaustive pesticide using country in the globe. The countrys ranchers apply more synthetic pesticides on their products than makers in practically any nation in the world (Huang et al., 2000a). Their yearly application has expanded lately, climbing from 211,000 metric tons (mt) of dynamic fixings in 1985 to 340,000 mt in 1996. While pesticides have assumed a part in expanding Chinas farming yield, their utilization has made numerous negative externalities. The utilization, abuse and exploitation of pesticides in China have prompted poisonings of ranchers, corruption of area and water, and expanded levels of risky chemicals in Chinas sustenance supply (MOA, 1983; Peng, 1998; Lei et al., 1998; Huang et al., 2000c). In addition, the rate of increment of pesticides rose quicker than different inputs, prompting an ascent in it does impart of aggregate expenses. It was assessed that by late 1990s Chinas agriculturists will buy and apply almost US$ 5 billion of pesticides for every year, making China one of the biggest pesticide clients. Cotton makers are among the biggest pesticide clients in China regarding both total and for every hectare use. For every hectare pesticide expense arrived at US$ 101 in 1995 for cotton, much higher than that for rice, wheat or maize. Only tomato and cucumber producers apply all the more on a for every hectare premise. The terrible measure of pesticides utilized within rice generation in China is more prominent than the sum utilized for cotton generation simply because five times more land is planted to rice than to cotton and its production expends approximately US$ 500 million per annum. Pesticide use has a few potential downsides. For instance, the application of pesticides may represent a genuine peril to the agro-biological system. Pingali et al. (1994) has created confirmation of the antagonistic impact that pesticide use has on human wellbeing. Their results showed that the wellbeing and different expenses could surpass the private expenses of buying the item. Truth be told, pe sticide use in cultivating in China have even been interfaced to genuine diseases and demise. Crosswise over China, poisonings of agriculturists and their workers have brought about 45,000 instances of genuine disease and more than 500 passing every year from 1987 to 1996 (Huang et al., 2000c). Liu et al. (1995) directed study in China of pesticide residuals in nourishment in 1992. The study focused on the nourishment security impacts of ranch level utilization of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CH pesticides), the group of pesticides that incorporates DDT. The most tireless of pesticides, officials banned the utilization of CH pesticides in 1983. Despite the fact that the utilization of CH pesticides have dropped forcefully since the mid-1980s, the study exposed planters still were utilizing them as a part of the early 1990s and Chinas nourishment stock uncovered hints of pollution. Other late studies have confirmed the finding that pesticide tainting in Chinas nourishment markets is sti ll an issue for vegetables, tree grown foods, and sustenance grains. Perceiving the presence of negative externalities, Chinas pioneers started various steps to control probably the most hurtful parts of pesticide utilization. Chinas plant reproducers have effectively created a huge number of mixed bags with host-plant imperviousness to creepy crawlies and sicknesses. Just about all recently discharged assortments in China in the previous 20 years have large amounts of host-plant safety. At any rate in the instance of rice, the utilization of these mixtures has prompted decreases in pesticides. Biotechnology seems to offer a item that can drastically lessen pesticide—Bt also other GE crop mixed bags. Indeed with generally constrained speculations of government cash in exploration, augmentation and seed generation, Bt cotton assortments are spreading quickly. These mixed bags were created and advanced by a few remote and household organizations and examination foundations. Ranchers have embraced them in light of the fact that they decreased the expenses of generation without lessening aggregate incomes and on the grounds that they lessen their introduction to hazardous chemical To encounter problems with pesticides, china has contributed majorly to genetically engineered crops. Chinas farming examination framework has endeavored to enhance assortments of numerous harvests utilizing biotechnology and has moved a percentage of the new transgenic mixed bags into business use by ranchers (Huang et al., 2001). Grain, cotton and tobacco rearing projects have most nearly composed their biotechnology and ordinary examination programs. Lately, specialists have controlled a greater amount of their work towards enhancing vegetables and oil seeds employing biotechnology. Researchers have made most prominent progress in utilizing biotechnology to enhance insecticides safety of products, albeit respectable work is likewise being carried out to enhance malady safety. Interestingly, this concentrate on insect resistance and sickness safety is particular to Chinas biotechnology program. The countrys open overwhelmed examination framework has given Chinas analysts a solid mo tivation to create Genetically Modified edits that expand yields and anticipate bother flare-ups. In China, more than 90% of field trials target insects and ailment safety. Conversely, in industrialized nations, where a great part of the plant biotechnology is secretly finance, 45% of field trials are for herbicide tolerance and enhancing item quality; just 19% are for pest resistance. The advancement of bug safe harvest assortments containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) quality has been a positive case of the application of farming biotechnology. This gene produces protein that is poisonous to some insects and can make crops pink bollworm resistant, tobacco budworm, armyworms and leaf worm resistant. China gives an interesting chance to contemplating the long haul profits of Bt innovation. Early studies demonstrated that Bt assortments expanded yield harvests and decreased insect poison utilization. Cotton gets most transgenic attention in China and in 2000, 400,000–500,000 ha Bt cotton was planted. It has been accounted for that the bugs of cotton like tobacco budworms and the American bollworm, started to develop safety in under 40 eras. In China bollworms imitate, as a rule, four times each year. Given that Bt mixtures have now been planted for more than 10 years in a few territories, it is an appropriates time to assess the long haul profits (and expens es, if any) of Bt cotton. An investigation of these issues likewise may give understanding into the long haul viability of Bt innovation in creating nations as a rule. It was demonstrated that bollworm populaces in China have advanced in a manner in which Bt cotton may have the capacity to be utilized on a long haul premise. Based on a dataset based on data gathered amid more than 10 years of checking in trial cotton fields in provincial regions of northern China, their exploration found that the quantity of bollworms fell fundamentally with time. Numerous territorial populaces given way as Bt mixed bags extended. It shows up that the Bt poisons not just smothered the bug populaces in the fields with Bt mixtures, additionally populaces on other crops which serve as hosts for bollworms. They finished up that following 10 years of utilization of Bt cotton mixtures, safety of bollworms to the Bt poison had not yet developed. Work regarding Bt cotton use in China summarizes that Bt cotton has massive significance over non-Bt one as it uses less insecticides to control bollworms. This is because non-Bt cotton could not grow resistance against pest and were infected times more than Bt one. To it, it also decreases cost on pesticides and increases cotton yeild. Hence it is experimentally proved is clear that Bt cotton lessens pesticide use, in any event in the short run. Anyhow the effect of lessening pesticide use on human wellbeing and natures turf depends to some degree on which pesticides were lessened because of the appropriation of Bt cotton. On the off chance that the diminishment s the manifestation of generally sheltered pesticides likes the manufactured pyrethroids or malathion, we would not expect much effect on human wellbeing. On the off chance that the decrease occurs as more risky pesticides, for example, any of the CH pesticides or organophosphate parathion, we would expect that poisonings of ranchers would decay and that the effect on natures domain to be more noteworthy in light of the fact that a significant number of the chemicals are relentless in the earth. The findings propose that the administration may need to contribute the cash important to spread Bt to other cotton locales and to different harvests. The paramount proviso is that legislature interests in regulation of biotech will must be expanded to guarantee that broad utilization of Bt does not prompt the quick improvement of bollworms that are impervious to crops. The second ramifications of these findings are that the government plant assurance framework is not meeting the objective of lessening pesticide utilization. Plant insurance individuals regularly propose that agriculturists not utilize Bt cotton or at most suggest more pesticide applications than the seed organizations. The administration needs to separate Integrated Pest Management exercises and staff of the plant assurance framework from the pesticide deals exercises. The legislature additionally must give the augmentation administration impetuses to push IPM and other non-pesticide-related manifestations of bug con trol. One alternative would be to considerably in pleat the compensations of the IPM staff to adjust for the loss of pay from pesticide deals and give them with rewards for lessening chemical exploitation. Government ought to minimize pesticides use for crops as they happen to play critical role in human health. Accountability of products in form of taxes, surveys on its environmental and public impact needs to be calculated every time in order to minimize negative externalities because soon or later it will be significant mark on state’s economy. References: Blinder, Alan.Hard Heads, Soft Hearts: Tough-Minded Economics for a Just Society.New York: Addison-Wesley, 1987. Bryan Caplan. Externalities.The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics.2008. Library of Economics and Liberty. Retrieved August 27, 2014 Huang, J.K., Hu, R.F., Zhang, L.X., Rozelle, S., 2000a. The Economy of Agricultural RD Investment in China. Agricultural ST Press, Beijing Huang, J.K., Qiao, F.B., Zhang, L.X., Rozelle, S., 2000c. Farm pesticide, rice production, and human health. EEPSEA Working Paper, Singapore. Huang, J.K., Wang, Q.F., Zhang, Y.D., 2001. Agricultural biotechnology development and Research capacity. Working Paper, Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. Haung, J., Hu, R., Pray, C., Qiao, F., Rozelle, S. (2003). Biotechnology as an alternative to chemical pesticides: a case study of Bt cotton in China.Agricultural Economics,29. Lei, H., Dai, L.C., Liu, L., Gu, W., Xu, Y.D., 1998. The relationship between poison and à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡esh blood protein Peng, Y., 1998. Eight poisoning cases made by chlorothalonil.Occup Med. 25 (1), 31. Pingali, P.L., Marquez, C.B., Palis, F.G., 1994. Pesticides and Philippine rice farmer health: a medical and economic analysis